Showing posts with label News. Show all posts
Showing posts with label News. Show all posts

Monday, April 06, 2026

RCB बनाम CSK Standings Explosion Leaves Fans Shocked as सोना & पेट्रोल Skyrocket Amid ईरान Tensions – Viral इल्लத்தरसि Story in डिजायर!

Googlepur: The sports world is abuzz with the royal challengers bengaluru vs chennai super kings standings changing after a thrilling rcb बनाम csk encounter in IPL 2026. Simultaneously, the sunrisers hyderabad vs lucknow super giants match scorecard highlighted a nail-biting finish in srh बनाम lsg. Football fans cheered for sporting delhi vs kerala blasters results and the inter vs roma Serie A showdown, leading to massive social media frenzy and breaking news alerts across platforms amid the IPL playoffs race.

Economic concerns dominate as आटा prices surge alongside सोना, தங்கம், সোনা, బంగారం due to geopolitical crisis involving ईरान, ఇరాన్, ഇറാന് sparking inflation surge and market crash fears. गैस, गैस टंकी and पेट्रोल, పెట్రోల్ costs have risen sharply. कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि संगठन revealed new schemes prompting strong comments from अधीर रंजन चौधरी and மூவேந்தர் முன்னேற்றக் கழகம். Bollywood legend रेखा also voiced concerns in a viral video that is trending heavily.

Housewife Battles Household Budget Crisis as Weather Alert Hits

Meanwhile, मौसम विज्ञान has issued urgent weather alerts adding to the chaos. An everyday இல்லத்தரசி navigating rising costs in her डिजायर car has become a symbol of household budget crisis, with her story going viral. From sports thrills to gold and petrol price hikes, gas issues, politics and Iran news, this mix of trending topics has India glued to screens, raising questions on stability in these uncertain times with experts warning of more volatility.

Tuesday, March 17, 2026

SEO is absolutely useless for a news site

If you are a news site doing SEO, they you are pretty much axing your own leg. Here is why:

If you are optimising your content for what people are searching for, then it means that you continuously deliver your news late, do not have anything original to say, have little or no editorial direction, add nothing of value, and are essentially hitching a ride on other people's work. 

Avi Loeb has some outrageous ideas, is one of the many scientists on substack, but what is great about his content is that whatever he bashes out makes global headlines. He does not need to do SEO, because when he writes, he creates the content that people look for. He actually specialises in black holes, cosmology and the early universe, and his ramblings on aliens are considered pseudoscience, that most serious scientists, including astrobiologists, do not engage with. Still, his content is SEO gold. If you are a news site, you should be writing your own gold. 

So, SEO means you are late and unoriginal. It is not a good approach to growing an audience. If you are catering to readers who want to read about increasing federalism in India's space sector on the same site as curd rice recipes, either the people who read about space or about curd rice are going to go away. (Not me, Im right in the chut of this venn diagram). It is dangerous, even suicidal for a news organisation to sacrifice quality and editorial oversight to favour high volume of SEO articles. 

Now, if your entire editorial policy is dependent on SEO, then you are basically publishing the same shit as everyone else, removing entirely the scope for discovery and providing unique content for your readers. There are some things that people just will not search for, such as the growing need for a second kitchen, at least a larder with automatic deliveries and inventory tracking, or the amazing story of science catching up and proving the mother right, who believed for decades that her unresponsive son with severe brain damage was still hanging in there, or the amazing efforts by a team of scientists who used microgliders to teach the endangered Northern Bald Ibis to migrate. In-print, the New Yorker aptly titled this story as 'Helicopter Parents'. Your publication will never write stories such as these if it relies on SEO, and you are wasting away the careers of all the journalists who work for you by depending on SEO. Searching for 'LPG' on Google and tabbing to News will not show you how the LPG cylinder shortage is causing crematoriums in Keralam to shut down

There are also concepts and ideas that are too complex for anyone to look up. Even if you look up Laplace’s principle of ‘the weight of evidence for an extraordinary claim must be proportioned to its strangeness’, Google and other search engines are unlikely to surface current, relevant pieces wrangling with the subject such as 'Why Do Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Evidence?' by Corey S Powell, or my own exploration and explanation of the subject that I published a few months before that one. These concepts are too complex for anyone to search on Google. If you are serious about News, you cannot be serious about SEO. 

The algorithms that drive engagement on social media heavily favour clickbait, sensationalism, and low-quality content. You cannot allow dumbfucks in senior positions to drag the quality of journalism down some hell-hole, then keep digging. Most Indian news sites shy away from using the accurate terms and technical jargon, and do not even end up communicating what happened. The trans-lunar injection manoeuvre of Chandrayaan 3 and the trans-Lagrangian-point-1-injection manoeuvre of Aditya L1 were just covered as 'important' or 'crucial' manoeuvres, with the body text often omitting what the spacecraft even did. You are so focused on SEO, that you do not even convey the news! 

Now even the best experts in SEO, have little to no understanding of the value of editorial content. Entire websites are tuned towards in-bound links from Google searches, with the interfaces burying older stories with no way to access them from the home pages. This devalues years of work by journalists, with many platforms opting to purge previous stories when new SEO policies are formulated. Such news sites do not care about the talent, or the previous work put in. They are ruthless, careless and damaging to the industry. Any journalist who has worked for more than 10 years in India knows that a portion of their work... in fact years of work, has been destroyed. This is why you are better off working in print media. 

If a news desk starts with Google trends and specialised keyword tools instead of authentic sources and original reporting, you are basically killing the entire industry by crowding out real journalism with copy-pasted, paraphrased, and AI-generated crap. If your news organisation relies on SEO for traffic, then it is setting up the property for failure, and committing a crime against the company they work for. 

Remember, Google is not your friend, it has killed your entire industry, and is your biggest enemy! The AI generated overviews keeps people on Google. If you set up processes and systems to optimise SEO, Google will change the rules, and fuck you in the ass. You cannot win, even if you play by the rules, that keep changing, are arcane, and necessarily opaque to prevent exploitation. 

So if you are a news site and the management is more focused on SEO than editorial, then get the fuck out! In India, the news sites that prioritise editorial over SEO, and publish original, authentic stories without stuffing their site with crap are The Print, The Wire, Scroll, The Caravan, Newslaundry, News Minute, and The Ken. The tier-2 ones that still maintain some editorial while following the rules of SEO are The Hindu and Indian Express

Thursday, May 30, 2024

End of an Era

Digit is no longer independent. It has been taken over by Times. 

The most valuable property for the readers is the forum. It is not so active any more, but was a defining force for most of our lives. There is tremendous uncertainty about what the future holds. There were some backchannel discussions for the readers to acquire the forum, but that would mean amputating a major part of the community. 

The editor, AKA the Great God RAABO was the person who created most of the value that was transferred to a major media conglomerate. It is his advice to wait and watch to see what happens, at least till our friends work at that place. 

I know Times, it is trash. It serves advertisers more than the readers. It's products are the eyeballs of the readers, that it vends to the advertisers. It bends over backwards for ads. 

Needless to say, I hate ads. Times Now also plagiarised from me, so I hate them too. 

The press release is below. I am sad. 


A logo with blue and red text

Description automatically generated




Times Network Acquires Digit.in; Boosts Presence in Tech and Gaming Communities

 

New Delhi, May 27, 2024: Times Network, India's premier broadcast and digital network, has acquired Digit.in from 9.9 Group. The acquisition encompasses Digit’s print as well as digital business. This strategic move signifies Times Network’s commitment to bolstering its digital publishing portfolio and expanding its footprint in the technology and gaming sectors.


This acquisition is part of Times Network’s continued investment in its digital publishing business, which already reaches over 110 million monthly active users and garners more than 1 billion monthly video views. With a monthly reach exceeding 4 billion across its digital news brands, Times Network stands as the fastest-growing multimedia news network in the country, providing credible, accurate, and decisive news and analysis across English and Hindi general and business news categories.


Established in 2001 with the launch of Digit magazine, Digit has dedicated over two decades to helping people choose, buy, and use technology to enhance their lives. Over the years, Digit has successfully expanded its presence online through Digit.in and has become one of the leading publishers in the technology space. Also renowned for its vibrant communities, including Digit Squad, a network of tech influencers, and the SKOAR College Gaming Club (SCGC), a premier college gaming community. Collectively, Digit and Digit Squad boast a total reach of 180 million, underscoring their significant influence in the tech world.


N Subramanian, Chief Executive Officer (New Media and Investments) of Times Group, expressed his enthusiasm about the acquisition, stating, “At Times, we are committed to creating high-value digital communities that leverage audiences and commerce to deliver unparalleled value. We believe Digit fits very well in our overall strategy of building a portfolio of digital products catering to diverse audiences. It will help bring in new audiences to the network. We are confident that, under the aegis of Times Group, Digit’s existing legacy and leadership will grow manifold.”


Vikas Gupta, Founder & Director of 9.9 Group, echoed this sentiment, saying, “Digit has been India's Technology Navigator for the past 24 years, and we are thrilled to announce that it has found a new home with one of the largest publishers in the country, the Times Network. This marks an exciting new chapter for Digit, and we are confident that it will propel Digit to even greater heights. Digit's offerings will tap into the Times Network's extensive network, expertise, and legacy, ultimately benefiting our readers and the tech community at large. For over two decades, Digit’s mission has been to empower India with timely and trusted information on tech, as well as expert advice to navigate the rapidly evolving tech landscape. We are delighted that Digit will continue to thrive and grow, remaining a trusted tech navigator for India.”


The addition of Digit to Times Network’s expanding digital portfolio strengthens its position in the tech domain. Digit’s presence in digital, print, and on-ground events, along with its strong tech proposition, complements Times Network's existing assets. This synergy offers advertisers a robust platform to engage with a tech-savvy audience.

 

Indium Capital served as the sole investment banking advisor for this acquisition. 


About Times Network 

TIMES NETWORK, a premium broadcast network is part of India’s largest media conglomerate, The Times Group. Times Network with its credo Now or Nothing takes the centre stage of influencing the influencer, by delivering the most compelling and irreplaceable content to over 200 million urban affluent viewers in India and is available in over 100 countries across the globe. It houses best in class News, Hollywood and Bollywood brands including; TIMES NOW – India’s leading English News channel, ET NOW - India’s leading English Business News channel, MIRROR NOW  -  the channel that Fights for ‘You’ and channelizes its focus on issues that impact people’s lives; Times Now Navbharat –  Network’s Hindi News Channel in SD & HD that leads with a transformational positioning, Ab Badlega Bharat, Banega Navbharat; ET NOW Swadesh –  Network’s Hindi Business News Channel which is driven with the mission, Badho Desh Ke Saath; MOVIES NOW and MOVIES NOW HD – Home to Blockbusters; MN+ – The Gold class of Hollywood; Romedy NOW– a unique destination for Love. Laugh and Live; MNX and MNX HD – Hollywood’s wild child, Zoom - India’s leading entertainment destination and The Zoom Studios – original content creator that brings stories to life with relatable and compelling narratives; Times Chronicles, the content studio from Times Network that produces originals, real and gripping stories on important topics pertinent to the contemporary world. Timesnow.in, the digital entity of the Network, has seamlessly adapted itself to serve the diverse nature and interests of the content-savvy internet audience. 

 MEDIA CONTACTS: TIMES NETWORK  

Hina Jafri  

VP & Head-Corporate Communications  

hina.jafri@timesgroup.com  

Manthra Koliyer  

Senior Executive - PR  

manthra.koliyer@timesgroup.com  



Wednesday, January 03, 2024

Frontline stole my Aditya L1 image

 


So I was just reading Frontline magazine, and saw an image that I had created in the magazine! I immediately tweeted about it, and informed my boss, who informed the copyright guy, after confirming that it wasn't just an ISRO image. The thing is, on closer scrutiny, it appears that some of the text has been plagiarized too, as the caption that Frontline has used for the image is the same as the caption I used for another Aditya L1 story. Frontline has not got back or clarified yet. The last time something like this happened, Mint gave me credit instantly. 

Frontline's story is here, and my story is here. The web version credit's 'ISRO', while the magazine version does not have image credits at all. Here is the version in the magazine, which I have to read more carefully to check if anything else has been taken from my coverage. 



Thursday, December 30, 2021

Battlefield 2042 review: Don't listen to the naysayers, the game is an utter blast

 "I hope not", "Nope, not until its stabilised", "Maybe when it drops to around 1K" and even "First let 2021 finish bro" are the responses to "Are any of you playing Battlefield 2042?". Pictures with text superimposed on them, known in the classical 4Chan circles as "Image Macros" and by the rest of the interwebs as "memes" are sent, along with YouTube videos of gamers swearing and laughing at bugs in the game. The reactions are not surprising, considering the title has been review bombed on Steam.

Playing a squad-based tactical shooter is no fun without a squad. Chances of survival improve considerably with gamers who have mechanical keyboards and Razer mice, with Battlefield 3, Ghost Recon Phantoms and the Sniper Elite titles on their resumes. Even better, if they tend to set up private servers running Urban Terror or Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter 2. Winning with a known squad, while playing with voice chat is fun. But that is an experience denied until Battlefield 2042 is available on Gamepass or EA Play and gets a price drop, so at the moment it is Plan B, which is play with PUGs or Pick-Up Groups and hope for the best. 

But first, it is necessary to wade through dependency hell to even start up the game. Origin is unpleasant. Thankfully, it has stopped downloading the same 74 MB update, but unthankfully NFS World is no longer available on it. There are two reasons to use Origin: Apex Legends, and now Battlefield 2042, but the latter is available on Steam as wellWhen in doubt, blame Origin. Battlefield 2042 just refused to start even though it showed that it was playable mid way through the download, and even after the download, the client just quietly shut down. It was necessary to "troubleshoot". This involved updating all the drivers, and the NVidia Gaming drivers, both x86 and x64 versions of Visual C++ Redistributable from a number of years, and uninstalling and reinstalling these till it felt like a Windows 10 machine was a Loonix box. It "works" on arcane magic. 

Help? Please? (Image credit: In-game screenshot)

Help? Please? (Image credit: In-game screenshot)

The game starts with flashes of a dystopian future, of a world thrown into chaos because of global warming and extreme weather events. Glitches are an aesthetic, which makes it really hard to figure out whether something is a bug or a feature. Because of the journey through dependency hell, it was only possible to get into the game after DICE released a patch to stabilise the game, and squashed some of the bugs that were making it a frustrating experience for gamers. At this point, the game cannot be characterised as "unstable" or "buggy" and there were just two glitches in about 10 hours of gameplay, which was the interface for a map not loading, and a soldier's face jumping forwards and backwards while alighting from the copter at the start of a match. Anyway, it's time to finally jump into the game. 

This is not the future of climate change though, forget about the forest fires, heatwaves, floods and heavy snowfall. Battlefield 2042 cherry-picks three meteorological phenomena that have a dramatic effect on the action, sandstorms, regular storms and tornados. The science is actually not that clear on the last, global warming may actually end up suppressing tornados. There was what appeared to be a satellite for seeding storms (maybe the increased cloud cover is meant to bounce off more sunlight), but we never see it again and are not sure how it plays into the game. In the end climate change is just a convenient excuse to bring dynamic weather events into the game, and well, we will just accept that without thinking too much about it.

The continent is burning? Dont worry, its not actually in game. (Image credit: In-game screenshot)

The continent is burning? Don't worry, it's not actually in game. (Image credit: In-game screenshot)

This is not the future of politics. We are not going to end up in a world where Russia and the US are the only remaining global superpowers, come on, China is not going to fizzle out in a cloud of self destructive pollution. Technology, networking, information and even culture are all going to be sources of power. We are going to have more state actors than just two, and we can expect virtual superpowers as well as small independent and globally influential communities.

Perhaps the convenient political prognostication is the most unrealistic and unbelievable aspect of Battlefield 2042's "story", providing players with zero motivation as a no-pat to have any allegiance to any side. It would have been too complex and too nuanced to realistically explore the politics of the 2040s in a game such as this, so we are surprised that they even tried. In any case, it just does not matter, as that is not what the game is really about, so we are just going to go ahead and ignore it, and talk about the gunplay.

Navin Rao, roleplaying Robin Hood in a hopefully cashless economy, using wearables with wires. (Image credit: DICE/EA)

Navin Rao, roleplaying Robin Hood in a hopefully cashless economy, using wearables with wires. (Image credit: DICE/EA)

This is not the future of warfare. There are drones but no drone swarms. The robot dogs do not evacuate the wounded from the battlefield, or lug around equipment, which is also what they are primarily designed for. The tanks do not play a central role in the battlefield, and neither should they, or the game would be World of Tanks. The hovercrafts, aircraft and armoured vehicles are not autonomous. These are not futuristic technologies, they all already exist. It requires some concentrated effort at suspension of disbelief for any brain with more than four neurons. This terribly convenient narrative is always lurking in the background, and there is just so much effort put into it, but it is difficult to consume. There is a podcast, and a short film as well, although there is no comic book, yet. 

This is not the future, but it is Battlefield, and that is what gamers expect. Senseless as it is that soldiers without bionic implants, augmented reality and brain-computer interfaces are on the frontlines in 2042, it's what makes this "futuristic" game fun. All the one dimensional world building is geared towards the convenient choices to make the core gameplay more interesting, and it is all acceptable because the gameplay is just so good.

Battlefield 2042 is incredibly impressive and sophisticated on a technological level. The maps are sprawling, to accommodate the 128 players on crossplay. PC and console players are all thrown into the same map, but the generous aim assist means that the PC players are not at all at an advantage. Xbox Series X/S, PS5 and PC players can all play with each other. If you have an Xbox One or a PS4, no dice for you, the maps are capped at 64 players, but there is crossplay between the two consoles. 

Aim assist is to blame. (Image credit: In-game screenshot)

Aim assist is to blame. (Image credit: In-game screenshot)

The dynamic weather events are impressive, at least when it comes to visuals. The tornados ripping off trees, making vehicles explode, taking debris and combatants into the air really makes players instinctively rush indoors for protection. If a sandstorm washes over a location, the slight adjustments to character movements, the dulling of the sounds, and the drop in visibility all make it a visceral experience, easily extending beyond the screen. The developers get this part right.

There is no single player mode. There are PVE maps, which pits humans against bots, but that mode is just empty most of the time, and not worth bothering with. PVP is of course where all the action is, but the matchmaking is problematic there as well. One of the crippling problems of Battlefield 2042 right now, is that there are simply not as many gamers playing the game. Crossplay does not solve the problem, which is made worse by the size of the maps. Strangely enough, there is an additional waiting period even after the matchmaking countdown runs out and the game "starts". New players can be made squad leaders, and they might not know how to use the drones, or worse, mismanage the spawn beacon. 

Oops. (Image credit: In-game screenshot)

Oops. (Image credit: In-game screenshot)

The All-Out-War mode is the boosted Battlefield experience, with the larger maps and player count. Each of the maps have a distinct character, and are better designed than what the series had to offer so far. Renewal is half garden and half desert with a wall between the two zones. The Alang shipbreaking yard in Gujarat gets a map, with the local houses forming a somewhat safer refuges when the storm rolls in.

Kaleidoscope is beautiful enough to be distracting. The textures in the game are all better than the underlying 3D models, or maybe it is RTX On. The capture points in Orbital are the various facilities at the Kourou launchpad, with the capture points being various equipment related to rocketry. At times, players may find themselves making incredibly long treks to head to the action, but this problem is somewhat mitigated with drivable civilian vehicles strewn around. Opting for these can be risky though, as they are unarmored, but the game makes up for this by making them fast and manoeuvrable. 

Unfortunately the buildings do not have destructible portions, like Battlefield 3. The glass panels are about the only parts of buildings that break, and there are many of these. The maps also all have ziplines and hanging cables for additional vertical and a limited amount of strategic horizontal mobility. There are also crates and towers in every map for the benefit of the snipers. There are very few nooks and hidey holes that players can camp at while not leaving your six exposed, so they are all designed very well. 

Camping is so hard. (Image credit: In-game screenshot)

Camping is so hard. (Image credit: In-game screenshot)

The class system takes a while to get used to, but is incredibly versatile once you get the hang of it. For a player character, gamers have to choose a Specialist, with unique abilities. The Specialists are sorted into the four classic classes, Assault, Engineer, Support and Recon. This however, does not matter so much because you also have loadouts, which you can set up before the game and choose at every spawn. There are four loudout types by default for Assault, Medic, Engineer and Sniper, but players can add their own custom loadouts as well. Within each loadout, it is possible to choose the secondary, primary, a gadget and a throwable. 

Although there is some synergy between the loadout and the class, this is by no means restrictive, and in fact invites players to discover new playstyles, as well as find a setup that they are most comfortable with. Specialists and items are unlocked as you progress, but the early ones are actually the coolest and the simplest to play. Dozer has a shield that you can throw up to reduce damage from incoming fire. Sundance, perhaps the best of the lot, has a wingsuit. This allows players to jump off from a vantage point, and glide into the action. There are some players who are very good at using the regular old parachute over short distances, for much the same purposes though.

Do not try this, or you will end up like the in-game screenshots. (Image credit: DICE/EA)

Do not try this, or you will end up like the in-game screenshots. (Image credit: DICE/EA)

Boris has a handy deployable turret, and Webster has a cool grappling hook that lets you quickly scale the crates, towers, cranes or buildings, without having to find dangling wires to scale. Using Webster in tandem with the parachute gives players incredible mobility, and there are those whos scurry around the map really well. Watch out for Websters who know what they are doing, they tend to be the bane of campers and the most dangerous specialists on the map, seemingly coming out of nowhere and disappearing as quickly even when surrounded by enemies. 

It takes a while to settle on a Specialist and loadout that is suitable to your play style, but things click, each match becomes increasingly more fun. If and when a particular Specialist gets boring, there is always another one waiting to be mastered. 

Not a glitch, its art. (Image credit: In-game screenshot)

Not a glitch, it's art. (Image credit: In-game screenshot)

Hazard Zone, if you are lucky enough to find enough people to play with, involves a race against competing squads to retrieve intel, which is on hard drives, which are in crashed satellites. Surprisingly, the satellites are crashing all over the place because of a very plausible Kessler cascade, and not a space tornado. Playing against the squads are AI soldiers, who just are out to kill any no-pat looking to grab the intel. The object of the game is to get the intel and extract with the helicopters, that will just take in any squad that reaches it first. There are two extraction opportunities in a game, and it is a race against time, as well as the other squads to get to the copters, particularly the second one. 

Now, all the intel gathered by everyone in the squad counts towards the squad's total. Collecting intel earns players "Black Market Credits", which can be used to buy weapons and upgrades. Die and the credits poof, win and you get a few upgrades. This is a mechanic that is incredibly hard to implement, giving the losing squads a fighting chance while balancing out with a meaningful reward for the winners. One of the few games that manages to do this well is the esoteric Neotokyo.

In most games and in Battlefield 2042, Levolution just ends up in the first squad to win being more likely to win all the subsequent rounds as well. In theory, it seems like fun, but in practice, it is tough to even get started, and is punishing for uncoordinated squads. The matchmaking queues are particularly lengthy in this mode, and more often than not results in players bailing after waiting around awkwardly in the lobbies, till everyone runs out of patience and finds something else to do. 

Can I just use bitcon instead? For those curious, the embossed Latin text is Fortis est non pertubaris in rebus asperis which translates to The strong do not falter in adversity. (Image credit: In-game screenshot) 

Can I just use bitcon instead? For those curious, the embossed Latin text is "Fortis est non pertubaris in rebus asperis" which translates to "The strong do not falter in adversity". (Image credit: In-game screenshot) 

The Portal mode is a bit of a surprise, and really rewarding, especially for long term fans of the franchise, as well as those who like to host private games. The servers are hosted for you, there is no need to run it off your own machine, or buy external servers, which is really awesome. Battlefield: Bad Company 2, Battlefield 3, and Battlefield 1942 are all included within 2042! There are two maps from from each of the games, Battle of the Bulge and El Alamein from 1942, Caspian Border and Noshahr canals from Battlefield 3, and Arica Harbor and Valparaiso from Bad Company 2. We hope to see some fan favorites such as Metro and Stalingrad added in the future. 

The Portal mode allows for exhaustive finetuning of all the parameters of the gameplay. It is a such a complex system that the setup occurs on its own website, not even within the game. You can boost up the headshot damage multiplier, turn friendly fire on or off, and most rewarding of all, turn off aim assist for the console players. The system allows you to come up with some pretty advanced rules, and is kind of an integrated modding system for the game. This is pretty advanced, and can take a while to get into. The community has come up with some really fun game modes, which the developers surface and showcase. It is also possible to favourite the servers that you like, to get back in to later. The Portal mode allows you to gain XP and win badges. 

The portal console is an external website. (Image credit: Portal)

The portal console is an external website. (Image credit: Portal)

There is a featured event in the Portal mode that is usually the most fun mode in the game. This is community made content integrated into the game, and it is not surprising at all that it also tends to be the mode with the most players. In fact, at any given time you are more likely to run into more players in the featured event in the Portal mode, than any of the other modes in the game. 

Dont get fooled by the pretty boxes, Im still dead. (Image credit: Portal)

Don't get fooled by the pretty boxes, I'm still dead. (Image credit: Portal)

It may just be that the Portal mode is so much fun, that most of the players are seen in this mode only. The matchmaking queues are the shortest, and this mode alone without the rest of the game can be considered a winner. It is rewarding to play even with PUGs. In every mode, instead of just showing the leaderboards, every player's contributions are displayed, with stats noting that player's contribution, so that maybe most vehicle takedowns, most assists, most revives and so on. The early and at times unearned rewards do work at keeping you motivated to play more. The game does a pretty good job at making you feel like you have achieved something even if the team wins 20 seconds after you spawn. 

20 seconds well spent. (Image credit: In-game screenshot)

20 seconds well spent. (Image credit: In-game screenshot)

 The more games you play the more fun it gets, and hopefully, with downstream patches, updates and hopefully, price drops, Battlefield 2042 can only get better from here. 

Tuesday, December 21, 2021

Life in the clouds of Venus could be making the environment more habitable

Venus is considered to be one of the planets most inhospitable to life, because the temperatures on the surface reach a scorching 471° Celsius, well beyond the temperature range that life as we know it can possibly exist. The surface is hot enough to melt lead, and is a scorched and suffocating wasteland where nothing can survive. The atmosphere is thick in carbon dioxide and the clouds blanket the planet in droplets of sulphuric acid, caustic enough to burn holes through human skin. 

However, high up in the clouds, the conditions may be just right to offer pockets of habitation for life forms. An international team of researchers have identified a chemical pathway, through which organisms can neutralise the acidic environment in the Venusian atmosphere, and create a self-sustaining environment that is habitable to life. 

Co-author of the study, Sara Seager, from MIT says, "No life that we know of could survive in the Venus droplets. But the point is, maybe some life is there, and is modifying its environment so that it is liveable." 

The atmosphere of Venus has some puzzling anamolies that are hard to explain. There is a presence of ammonia, which was detected in the 1970s by the Venera 8 and Pioneer probes. There are no known processes that can give rise to the presence of ammonia in the atmosphere. There are also non spherical particles suspended in the atmosphere, that are unlike the droplets of sulphuric acid. There are also small concentrations of oxygen detected. In 2020, researchers detected evidence of phosphine in the upper atmosphere of Venus. The finding was contested and is under review, but phosphine is a gas that is known to be biological in origin, and the phosphorus in the Venusian atmosphere is expected to be oxidised. 

Seager says, "The phosphine detection ended up becoming incredibly controversial. But phosphine was like a gateway, and there's been this resurgence in people studying Venus."

The researchers found that ammonia, if present in the atmosphere, can trigger a chemical cascade that neutralises the surrounding sulphuric acid droplets, and explains most of the observed anomalies. The authors suggest a biological origin for the ammonia, as against explanations that propose a non-biological source, such as lightning or volcanic eruptions. 

Venus has lingering, unexplained atmospheric anomalies that are incredible. It leaves room for the possibility of life.

Seager explains, "Ammonia shouldn't be on Venus. It has hydrogen attached to it, and there's very little hydrogen around. Any gas that doesn't belong in the context of its environment is automatically suspicious for being made by life. There are very acidic environments on Earth where life does live, but it's nothing like the environment on Venus ­— unless life is neutralising some of those droplets." 

The team notes that there are life forms that manage to survive in acidic environments by producing ammonia on Earth, within human stomachs. On atmosphere, similar reactions can reduce the pH of the clouds from roughly -11 to 0, still resulting in an acidic environment, but one within the tolerable limits of life as we know it. 

Life in the Venusian atmosphere could be changing the environment to make it conducive for more life. Co-author of the study, Dr Paul Rimmer identified unexplained chemical signatures from archival data of previous missions to Venus. Many of these anomalies have gone unexplained for decades. In addition to the presence of nonspherical droplets and oxygen, the anomalies also showed a presence of water vapour and sulphur dioxide. 

Seager says, "Venus has lingering, unexplained atmospheric anomalies that are incredible. It leaves room for the possibility of life." 

One of the possible explanations by Rimmer was mineral dust, swept up from the surface of the planet and into the atmosphere, and interacting with the sulphuric acid droplets, that could produce some of the observed anomalies, but not all. However, the physical requirements for such a scenario is unfeasible, with a massive amount of dust required to be lofted into the atmosphere to induce the observed anomalies. 

The presence of ammonia can explain most of the observed anomalies on Venus. 

Rimmer explains, "The hypothesis requires either large amounts of water-rich volcanism or transport of a lot of dust rich in hydroxide salts. So far, I have been unable to identify a plausible mineralogy for this mechanism."

The researchers then investigated the possibility of a biological origin of ammonia, and if such an origin could also explain the other observed anomalies in the atmosphere of Venus. The researchers found that if life was producing ammonia in the most efficient way possible, then the associated chemical reactions would yield oxygen. 

The ammonia, once introduced to the atmosphere could dissolve within the droplets of sulphuric acid and neutralising them. The introduction of ammonia would also transform the round, spherical droplets into a nonspherical droplets of salty slurry. The resulting reaction would trigger any surrounding sulphuric acid droplets to dissolve as well. The presence of ammonia can explain most of the observed anomalies on Venus. 

Co-author of the study, Dr William Bains says, "We know that life can grow in acid environments on Earth, but nothing as acid as the clouds of Venus were believed to be. But if something is making ammonia in the clouds, then that will neutralise some of the droplets, making them potentially more habitable. There are many other challenges for life to overcome if it is to live in the clouds of Venus. There is almost no water there for a start, and all life that we know of needs water. But if life is there, then neutralising the acid will make the clouds just a bit more habitable than we thought."

The researchers also showed that other proposed sources for ammonia, including volcanism, lightning strikes and even meteorite impacts cannot produce the amount of ammonia required to explain the observations. 

Rimmer explains, "This hypothesis predicts that the tentative detection of oxygen and ammonia in Venus's clouds by probes will be confirmed by future missions, and that both life and ammonium sulphite and sulphate are present in the largest droplets in the lower part of the cloud. There are also several remaining mysteries: if life is there, how does it propagate in an environment as dry as the clouds of Venus? If it is making water when neutralising the droplets, what happens to that water? If life is not in the clouds of Venus, what alternative abiotic chemistry is taking place to explain this depletion of sulphur dioxide and water? Future lab experiments and missions will be able to test these predictions and may shed light on these outstanding mysteries." 

The team hopes to gather more data through the privately funded Venus Life Finder missions, a series of probes planned to investigate the permanent cloud deck in the Venusian atmosphere for signs of life. 

Saturday, December 18, 2021

Stringent controls needed year-round to rein in Delhi's winter pollution: TERI

 In the winter months, as is the case every year, there is a focus on the toxic air that the residents of the Nation's capital are made to breathe. The good news in these times is when the air quality "improves" from a "severe" to a "very poor" categorisation. In some pockets of the NCR, the AQI remains off the scale. 

Around this time the state administrations and central government spar over the jurisdiction of policy implementation, which the Supreme Court cracking its whip. The Supreme court in fact threatened state governments and the centre with setting up an independent task force if the pollution norms are not complied with, and even pointing out that while a lot is being claimed, nothing is being done, with the air quality continuing to deteriorate. This winter, the air quality in November was the worst in seven years

The yearly measures such as construction and entry of heavy vehicles is implemented late or not at all, and the enforcement is weaker in the wider NCR region as compared to Delhi. The curbing of thermal power plants leads to the use of diesel generators, which can be counterproductive. Some other recommendations, such as an increase in parking fees to reflect the true cost to the environment are not implemented at all. The fines, challans and curbs disappear once the air quality "improves". On December 16, the Supreme Court called for a permanent solution, with a long term plan to solve the problem of air pollution in Delhi. 

A study by the The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) focuses on the most harmful of the various pollutants that affects the air quality in Delhi, and explores various pathways of reducing concentration of PM2.5 by modelling various future scenarios. The report is titled "Cost-effectiveness of interventions for control of air pollution in Delhi" and was supported by Bloomberg Philanthropies. 

The study makes three predictions on three time scales, 2022 for the short term, 2025 in the medium term, and 2030 for the long term. In the business as usual scenario, the concentration of PM2.5 in winter is expected to fall by 9 per cent in 2022, 21 per cent in 2025 and 28 per cent by 2030. Even with this decrease, the levels of PM2.5 pollution will remain well above the recommended levels. 

In 2019, the major contributions to prevailing concentrations of PM2.5 during the winter time in Delhi were transport (23 per cent), industries, including power plants (23 per cent) and biomass burning (14 per cent). The study suggests that the policy interventions should last throughout the year to curb the pollution in winter, as well as an airshed approach, which means strategies designed to cover the entire region where air gets trapped in North India. Lucknow, Kanpur, Ludhiana and several other most polluted cities in India, with a population in excess of 50 crore fall under this airshed. 

The suggested interventions include electrification of vehicles, strict implementation of environmental norms at the thermal power plants, fleet modernisation and a shift to public transport in the airshed region. Additional controls beyond these are required for the air quality to meet national recommended standards, such as curbing ammonia release from farms, enforcement of a blanket ban on refuse burning, converting coal based power plants to clean energy, stringent dust suppression controls, cleaner technologies for brick kilns, use of induction cooktops, and stricter control of dust from construction. 

Implementation of stricter interventions across the entire airshed region can avoid 12,300 mortalities in 2030 translating to an economic benefit of around Rs 430 billion. 

The full report can be accessed on the TERI website

Friday, December 17, 2021

Severe disease not in best interest of coronavirus: Experts explain Omicron

 A virus is just about the simplest replicating machine possible, with scientists unable to agree if they are living or non living things. This is because viruses do not have all the cellular machinery required for self-replication, only the genetic material within a protein capsule. They infect and hijack the cellular machinery of the host organisms in order to replicate. The entire genetic code is not copied perfectly each time, and these changes cause mutations. Some of these mutations are more effective at replicating than others, leading to the emergence of variants. 

A virus can make hundreds of copies of itself in a single infected host cell, but for the virus to replicate, it needs a live host. If the host is dead, the virus also cannot replicate. Chandrakant Lahariya, vaccinologist, public health practitioner and author of the book Till We Win: India's Fight Against The Covid-19 Pandemic, tells us, "Because of the evolutionary process, different forms of the virus will emerge. If a virus causes severe disease, it kills the host. Then the chances of transmission are low, so that is not in the best interest of the virus."

The data acquired so far from South Africa suggests that the Omicron variant is more transmissible, but causes less severe diseases. A study conducted by researchers from the University of Hong Kong provided additional evidence on similar lines, indicating that the Omicron variant multiplies 70 times faster than the currently dominant Delta variant, but causes milder illnesses in comparison. The dominant variant, is the variant of COVID-19 that has the most infections around the world.

Comparative prevalance of the variants, Omicron is represented in red in the bottom right. (Image credit: Nextstrain)

Comparative prevalance of the variants, Omicron is represented in red in the bottom right. (Image credit: Nextstrain)

Lahariya explains how a more transmissible but less severe variant can emerge as a pandemic progresses, "Any pathogen wants to multiply and go to different hosts. All the variants which emerge and have more severity, which essentially means a severe disease in the person, and killing of the host, those strains would not circulate well. This is because the person will die, or healthcare workers will identify the severe disease and then the transmission will be stopped. But the strains which cause a mild disease, and have a higher transmissibility, are more likely to go undetected and pass on to different set of people. Those will be the strains that will remain in the end. It seems like that is the pattern with the Omicron variant, it causes a mild disease and has a high transmissibility. The mild disease and asymptomatic cases will be undetected, and that provides a perfect platform for the virus to pass on, and also such strains are likely to last longer."

Dr Ashutosh Shukla, Senior Director of Internal Medicine and Medical Advisor at Max Hospital, Gurgaon explains how over the course of a pandemic, a virus is pushed towards causing less severe disease, but increasing in transmissibility, "This particular strain (the Omicron variant) causes less severe disease compared to the Delta variant. So it is the way a pandemic kind of comes downhill, usually the disease intensity is higher (at the start), and then gradually and slowly the intensity of the disease keeps coming down. But, since the transmissibility is higher, there is a concern over the Omicron variant, because it will rapidly spread across the globe."

One strain of the Omicron variant, does not always register on conventional RT-PCR tests, and is unofficially called the "stealth Omicron" by healthcare professionals. When then asked about the stealthiness of the Omicron variant, and the ability of other variants to dodge the tests designed to detect infections, Lahariya explains that this is because of the tendency of the virus to develop mutations as it rapidly replicates, instead of an external pressure by the diagnostics, which comes at a late stage of the infection, "No, the stealthiness of the virus is not related to diagnostics or treatment, it is the normal process for the virus to evolve and develop mutations. Diagnostics and therapies play a role only when the person is already infected, so they do not interfere with the processes of the virus."

The mutations that give rise to more severe infections are just not very helpful for the virus that just wants to make copies of itself. In order to be more successful in life, the virus has to evolve variants that cause less sever diseases, that keep the host alive. Jared Auclair, associate associate teaching professor of chemistry and chemical biology at Northeastern University says, "If you think about a virus, what's the purpose? What's the virus trying to do? It's trying to stay alive. If the virus kills someone, if it kills the host, it dies with the host. So it totally defeats the purpose. The easiest thing for the virus to do is to stay in the same person for as long as possible. It's less work, so to speak, as opposed to hopping to another host." 

Though it is still in the early weeks since the emergence of the Omicron variant, early data suggests that the variant is effective at reinfecting those who have previously been infected by SARS-CoV-2, as well as dodging the vaccines. A study by researchers from Oxford University also showed a reduce capacity of the immune response in those who have received conventional vaccines, for producing antibodies that could neutralise the Omicron variant. A WHO report based on multiple studies also indicated a reduced efficacy of conventional vaccines against the Omicron variant. 

The virus is going to evolve differently in the hosts who have been vaccinated or have been previously infected, as compared to the general population. This is because the virus may have to adapt to work around the immune system fighting against it. Observing such changes in the virus, may be a sign that the tactics of the humans are actually working. The emergence of the Omicron variant, and similar variants in the future can be a sign that humans are actually winning the fight against COVID-19.

Mansoor Amiji, university distinguished professor of pharmaceutical sciences and chemical engineering at Northeastern University says, "It is, to some degree, a cat-and-mouse game, but it's an evolutionary process for the virus. It's like, you know, 'these guys are out to get me, I will try to change myself to become better, to resist'. We are now influencing the virus to do these types of variants in a much shorter timescale because it's feeling the pressure. What we are doing with vaccines is shortening that time between pandemic and endemic."

Researchers are still struggling to explain how the Omicron variant will change the course of the pandemic. At present time, the Delta variant remains the dominant variant, with the Omicron variant spreading rapidly. However, considering the progression of previous pandemics, the emergence of strains that are highly transmissible while causing less severe diseases, can signal that an outbreak is moving towards its end. 

Thursday, December 09, 2021

Omicron's mutations, transmissibility and virulence: A deep-dive into latest variant

 Viruses are very simple replicating machines, made up of genetic material encapsulated within a protein sheath. The genetic material may be RNA or DNA. Viruses cannot replicate independently, and use the cellular machinery within other living cells to make copies of themselves.

The process of RNA replication is more prone to errors than DNA replication, and every time a coronavirus replicates, around 3 percent of the genes have a mutation. Most of these mutations do not affect the virus, but a small fraction of them can turn the virus more lethal. The properties of the virus evolves through these mutations. These mutations may change how easily the virus can spread, the severity of the symptoms, the efficacy of the vaccines, how it responds to treatments and how it registers on diagnostic tools.

As the pandemic spreads, the coronavirus has more opportunities for replication, with an increasing number of mutations taking place.

The virus can make hundreds of copies of itself in every infected cell. The mutations that allow the virus to transmit and replicate itself faster, survive, giving rise to new variants.

There are around 3,000 nucleotides in the coronavirus genome. Around 300 nucleotides change in every copy. When the virus transmits, the copies form the new template for replication, with further mutations taking place. Some variants end up with far more mutations than others. Omicron is one such variant.

The red lines mark the mutations in the spike proteins, compared across different parts of the spike protein in the different variants. (Image credit: Si Qin/Mengnan Cui/Siqi Sun/Jiyang Zhou/Zongmin Du/Yujun Cui/Hang Fan) 

The red lines mark the mutations in the spike proteins, compared across different parts of the spike protein in the different variants. (Image credit: Si Qin/Mengnan Cui/Siqi Sun/Jiyang Zhou/Zongmin Du/Yujun Cui/Hang Fan) 

The spike protein of the Omicron variant has about two or more times the mutations when compared to other variants. This is the part of the protein that the vaccines are trained to identify, and the part that latches on to, and penetrates the cell walls. The currently dominant variant in the pandemic, which means the one with the most active infections is the Delta variant.

The Omicron variant has more similarities to the Alpha variant, and is from a different branch than the Delta variant. The Beta and Delta variants have eight spike protein mutations, the Alpha variant has nine, the Gamma variant 12, while the Omicron variant has 33. The efficacy of the existing vaccines and therapies drop with an increase in number of mutations in the spike protein of a variant.

Images comparing the spike proteins of the Delta and Omicron variants. (Image credit: Laurence SAUBADU)

Images comparing the spike proteins of the Delta and Omicron variants. (Image credit: Laurence SAUBADU)

As the pandemic unfolds, the Omicron variant may replace the Delta variant as the dominant variant. There are indications that the Omicron variant can spread faster, particularly because of the large number of mutations in the spike protein. Nextstrain, which is an open source repository for tracking pathogens, clearly illustrates the dominance of the Delta variant, as well as the surge in cases of the newly discovered Omicron variant.

A family tree of COVID-19 variants so far. (Image credit: Nextstrain)

A family tree of COVID-19 variants so far. (Image credit: Nextstrain)

Dr Ashutosh Shukla, Senior Director of Internal Medicine and Medical Advisor at Max Hospital, Gurgaon tells us, "The Omicron variant is a mutated variant of the COVID virus. It has about 52 mutations on the surface, and as a result of this, the transmissibility, that means the spread from one person to another is six times higher compared to the Delta variant. Besides, this particular strain causes less severe disease compared to the Delta variant. So it is the way a pandemic kind of comes downhill, usually the disease intensity is higher (at the start), and then gradually and slowly the intensity of the disease keeps coming down. But, since the transmissibility is higher, there is a concern over the Omicron variant, because it will rapidly spread across the globe. It has already spread to about 40 countries."

Dr Chandrakant Lahariya, epidemiologist and author of Till We Win: India's Fight Against The Covid-19 Pandemic, tells us, "There is some evidence that the Omicron variant is more transmissible, but that is yet to be proven. What we are hearing from South Africa is very different from what we are hearing from other studies. When it comes to the comparison with the Delta variant, a head to head comparison is not possible. We know that it is transmitting in a small area, and there are some mutations which are very different, but then how it will translate into clinical outcomes, we cannot comment." 

It is still the first few weeks after the identification of the Omicron variant, and how this new variant will spread across different geographies is yet to be seen.

All the countries have a different demographic makeup when it comes to the age of the population, the percentage of the population that has been vaccinated, the restrictions in place, and the compliance with WHO norms for restricting the spread of the pandemic. Under these different conditions, a lot more data is needed to better understand the Omicron variant. 

Lahariya explains, "Once a person gets infected, it takes between seven days and two weeks for the clinical symptoms to develop, and then only we will know (about the virulence). We know that this is only the beginning of the emergence of Omicron cases. This is again very early, but what we are hearing is that most of the patients are asymptomatic or having mild infections. There are very few or almost none reported that are moderate or severe. This is what we know has been reported about the Omicron variant in various parts of the world, as of now."

The WHO tracks variants of the coronavirus, and has designations for them depending on their transmissibility and virulence. These classification tiers are Variants Under Monitoring (VUM), Variant Of Interest (VOI), Variant Of Concern (VOC) and Variant of High Concern (VOHC). The variants may be grouped together because of phylogenetic lineage, or shared common properties.

There are no VOHCs, against which vaccines are known to be totally ineffective, at the present time. The Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron variants have been designated as VOCs. which can cause breakthrough infections, or infect those who have received vaccines. The Lambda and Mu variants have been designated as VOIs.

The healthcare system of South Africa did what it was supposed to do, with the genomic surveillance of the variants successfully identifying and flagging a new variant on November 24, 2021. On November 26, the WHO named it the Omicron variant and designated it as a VOC. The variant has been observed in South Africa, Botswana, Israel, Australia, Belgium, Italy and Hong Kong.

The announcement of the discovery of a new variant by South African medical professionals was followed with an implementation of travel restrictions, even though the pandemic was spreading faster in many of the countries implementing the ban.

Lahariya stresses that the response to the Omicron variant has been disproportionate and overblown, "We need to remember that this is not a new virus. This is just the variant of an existing virus. So Omicron doesn't change anything for any of the policy decisions at least as of now. The travel bans are completely irrational and excessive. At the current times, we have a far better understanding of the virus, and all the measures which are required any coronavirus infection are required to prevent Omicron. Whatever measures are in place for other variants should be the same for the Omicron variant as well. It does not affect the measures any which way." Lahariya and Angelique Coetzee have explained in The Hindu why the reactionary response to Omicron is senseless

The recommendations by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) for the Omicron varant, which has inputs from the recommendations by WHO, is along similar lines of the pandemic in general. This involves taking both doses of the vaccine, wearing a mask, social distancing and maintaining good ventilation.

When it comes to the expectations of a third wave, and fears of further restrictions, the MoHFW statement indicates that the variant is very likely to spread in India, but has a positive outlook considering the high percentage of the population that has been vaccinated.

"Omicron cases are increasingly being reported from countries outside of South Africa and given its characteristics, it is likely to spread to more countries including India. However, the scale and magnitude of rise in cases and most importantly the severity of disease that will be caused is still not clear. Further, given the fast pace of vaccination in India and high exposure to delta variant as evidenced by high seropositivity, the severity of the disease is anticipated to be low. However, scientific evidence is still evolving," it reads.

On December 9, 2021, Union Health Secretary Rajesh Bhushan reviewed the public health response strategy for COVID-19 and its variants, with the states and UTs urged to enhance testing and focus on surveillance. Districts reporting higher case trajectories are instructed to dispatch positive samples to Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium (INSACOG) labs for whole genome sequencing. This is the kind of genomic surveillance that can identify new emerging variants. 

A statement in the latest update on the Omicron variant by the weekly bulletin of INSACOG reads, "The data available so far suggests high infectivity, possibly greater than Delta. Reinfection risk estimated by epidemiologic surveillance system is greater than previously seen with either Beta or Delta variants. Population-level evidence thus suggests that the Omicron variant is associated with substantial ability to evade immunity from prior infection and transmit rapidly in populations with high levels of naturally acquired immunity. The degree by which Omicron would be able to evade vaccine-induced immunity is not known yet. There is insufficient data to determine whether disease severity is different from previous variants, but rising hospitalizations in affected regions suggest that it would be premature to consider it less virulent."

The measures to restrict the spread of the virus, such as social distancing, frequent sanitisation, wearing of masks and vaccinations all end up in reducing the opportunities for the virus to replicate, and consequently, for more mutations to arise.

Since 2002, there have been a number of zoonotic RNA virus outbreaks, including the West Nile Virus, Swine Flu, MERS, Ebola, Zika and now COVID-19. The number of zoonotic virus outbreaks are increasing as wild animals get increasingly exposed to domestic animals and humans because of habitat loss, a problem that is exacerbated by climate change.

The number of outbreaks can only be expected to increase, and if the appropriate measures are not taken to bolster the healthcare systems, the next pandemic can actually be more lethal than the COVID-19 pandemic. Epidemiologists, science fiction authors and Bill Gates have been warning us about this for years, it is time that the world takes notice, and learns from the lessons that COVID-19 is teaching us. 

Monday, December 06, 2021

Chickpea pangenome constructed in global effort; will help produce superior varieties

 An international team of researchers have constructed the pangenome for chickpea (chana), one of the most economically important crops, and the third most common legume cultivated in the world. India is the world's largest producer of chickpea, responsible for 70 per cent of global production in 2019. It is a staple of Indian and Mediterranean diets and is grown in 60 countries around the world, particularly in south Asia and subsaharan Africa. The demand for chickpea is expected to track the increase in global population. 

The pulses are a source of carbs, proteins, fibre, Vitamin B, folate, iron, phosphorus among other minerals and essential nutrients, and can potentially be used to counter malnutrition. When consumed as a part of a well balanced diet, the chickpea can fend off diabetes, heart disease and obesity. Additionally, the crop is great at nitrogen fixation, and cultivation improves the quality of the soil. It is an important source of protein, especially in the Global South. 

We asked Dr Rajeev Varshney, lead author of the study if the chickpea can be considered a superfood, and if it can address the food security situation in the future. Varshney tells us, "The name tags notwithstanding, it can certainly be said that chickpea is a very rich source of protein, at over 20 g per 100 g. That apart, it is also rich in fiber. Chickpeas already are instrumental in contributing to food security in many nations. They are expected to play an increasingly greater role as the global population rises and the demand for protein, particularly plant-based protein, increases."

There are two main varieties of chickpea, the smaller, darker Desi-type, and the larger, lighter Kabuli-type. There are also intermediate and wild varieties. While traditional breeding approaches have increased yield, climate change has introduced new challenges, with draught or heat reducing yield by 70 per cent. The timely research allows for new breeding programs to develop crops that are resistant to climate change, as well as meet the health requirements of future populations. 

Researchers from 41 organisations have worked together to assemble the pangenome, sequencing the genomes of 3,366 chickpea lines from 60 countries.

While pangenomes for bacteria and archaea have been constructed, there are only a few pangenomes for plants. The effort was led by researchers from the International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). A total of 29,870 new genes were identified along with 1,582 novel ones, which were previously unreported. 

The effort is the largest pangenome study conducted for any plant. The pangenome consists of the core genome, shared by all the genomes studied, while the dispensable genome is shared by only a subset of the genomes studied. The pangenome allows researchers to see how the plant spread across the globe, with two paths of diffusion from the lands between the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, known as the Cradle of Civilisation or the Fertile Crescent. 

Varshney says, "By employing whole genome sequencing, we have been able to affirm the history of chickpea's origin in the Fertile Crescent and identify two paths of diffusion or migration of chickpea to rest of the world. One path indicates diffusion to South Asia and East Africa, and the other suggests diffusion to the Mediterranean region (probably through Turkey) as well as to the Black Sea and Central Asia (up to Afghanistan)"

The genes also hide within them the history of the species. The study indicates that the cultivated species, known as Cicer arietinum diverged from the wild progenitor species, Cicer reticulatum around 12,600 years ago. There was a genetic bottleneck beginning around 10,000 years ago, with the population size reaching its minimum around 1,000 years ago. From around 400 years ago, there was a strong expansion, which indicates that there was a renewal in the interest of chickpea cultivation around the world at that time.   

Despite the extent of cultivation and the importance of the crop, it has not been studied very well, earning it the tag of an 'orphan' crop. This is particularly true considering how well studied other legume crops are, such as beans and peas. The construction of the pangenome is the latest in a series of genomic studies on the chickpea conducted by the scientists at ICRISAT, providing the tools necessary to bring better crops to the market. In 2013, ICRISAT led the sequencing of a Kabuli-type chickpea, which was the first chickpea genome to be sequenced. 

The research over years means that the chickpea can finally drop its 'orphan' tag. Dr Jacqueline Hughes, Director General of ICRISAT says, "By developing many genomic resources for chickpea over the last decade, ICRISAT has helped the crop shed its 'orphan' tag. With our partners in agricultural research for development, we will continue to research chickpea and translate findings into crop varieties that benefit farmers, consumers and nations."

A phylogenetic tree with clustering of individuals. A large number of landraces in South Asia, and a wild populations in the Middle East can be seen. (Image credit: The authors/Nature)

A phylogenetic tree with clustering of individuals. A large number of landraces in South Asia, and a wild populations in the Middle East can be seen. (Image credit: The authors/Nature)

The comparison of the domestic species to its wild progenitor allowed the researchers to identify detrimental genes that are responsible for reduced crop performance, that have not been bred out yet. These deleterious genes are more common in the wild progenitor species, and have been bred out to some extent by traditional and conventional breeding approaches, through selection and recombination. The identified deleterious genes can be targets for gene editing, or genomics assisted breeding programs.

Seven improved chickpea varieties have been introduced in India and Ethiopia over the last three years, because ICRISAT and other organisations have been using genomics assisted approaches targeting one or at most two genes.  

The study also haplotypes, or blocks of genes in the domesticated varieties developed by farmers (known as landraces), that can increase the performance of the crop by improving traits such as yield, resilience to climate, and seed characteristics. Crop breeders strive to bring these haplotypes into cultivars, and now can be guided with the additional genomics information available. The research also shows the deployment of these haplotypes in the varieties using historical data of all chickpea varieties released between 1948 and 2012. 

Dr Manish Roorkiwal, a senior scientist in Genomics and Molecular Breeding at ICRISAT and author of the study explains, "We examined 129 varieties released in the past. Though a few superior haplotypes were detected in some of these varieties, we found that most varieties lacked many beneficial haplotypes. We have arrived at 56 promising lines that can bring these haplotypes into breeding programs to develop enhanced varieties."

Dr Arvind Kumar, Deputy Director General-Research, ICRISAT says, "Genomic resources are crucial for accelerating the rate of genetic gains in crop improvement programs. It is hoped that the knowledge and resources made available through this study will help breeders across the world revolutionise chickpea breeding without eroding its genetic diversity."

The authors of the study, which has been published in Nature, have proposed three breeding approaches, that aim at 16 traits to enhance chickpea productivity, to take the science to the farms.

When asked what are the desirable traits to be bred into chickpeas apart from resilience to climate and an increased yield, Varshney explains, "From a purely scientific perspective, there are numerous traits that can be introduced. However, all breeding efforts are driven by real-world needs/requirements. Yield and climate-resilience are actually umbrella terms for a lot of traits and are not mutually exclusive. They encompass traits that include tolerance to disease or resistance to pests, or traits that involve changes to the plant's reproduction time, like early maturity, to help it escape from certain stresses."

The genomics driven breeding programs can extend beyond the farm, with the benefits even extending to the kitchens.

Varshney says, "Then there are traits that are influenced by cooking preferences, like the need for lowering cooking time, and there are also traits that may be targeted to enhance nutrition profile if consumption requirements are to be considered. Crop breeding strives to bring in as many beneficial traits as possible to meet the requirements and a resource like pan-genome is the first step towards doing it."

When asked about the next steps for practical applications of the study, Varshney says, "The next step involves deploying the information and resources in crop breeding programs. This study has identified beneficial genes for some key traits and the lines that have them. These lines can be crossed with existing elite cultivars to develop new varieties that are further enhanced. Subsequently, any such new lines developed will have to be tested for multiple years to determine real-world performance before they can be released as varieties."