Impact of partition
The partition of India in 1947 had a significant impact on the Indian film industry. Here are some of the key ways in which it influenced Indian cinema:
Loss of talent and resources: The partition led to the displacement of millions of people, including many prominent artists, filmmakers, and technicians from the film industry. Many studios and production houses had to shut down or relocate, leading to a loss of talent and resources.
Emergence of regional cinema: With the partition, India was divided into two countries, India and Pakistan. This led to the emergence of separate film industries in both countries. In India, regional cinema also started to gain prominence as filmmakers began to tell stories that reflected the cultural and linguistic diversity of the country.
Themes of identity and nationhood: The partition of India and the subsequent violence and displacement of people had a deep impact on the national psyche. Indian cinema, which had previously focused on romance and mythology, began to explore themes of identity, nationhood, and social justice.
Influence on filmmaking style: The experience of partition influenced the way films were made in India. Filmmakers began to use more realistic and documentary-style techniques, and many films were shot on location rather than in studios.
Cultural exchange: Despite the political tensions between India and Pakistan, there was also a cultural exchange between the two countries. Indian films continued to be popular in Pakistan, and Pakistani artists and filmmakers worked in India. This cross-border exchange had a lasting impact on the film industries of both countries.
Overall, the partition of India had a profound impact on Indian cinema, shaping the themes, styles, and talent that have made the industry what it is today.
Here are ten movies about the partition of India that you might find interesting:
Garam Hawa (1973): Directed by M.S. Sathyu, this critically acclaimed film portrays the dilemma faced by a Muslim family in Agra during the partition.
Train to Pakistan (1998): Directed by Pamela Rooks, this film is based on the novel by Khushwant Singh and depicts the tragic events that took place in a Punjabi village during the partition.
Earth (1998): Directed by Deepa Mehta, this film is based on Bapsi Sidhwa's novel "Cracking India" and tells the story of a young girl from a wealthy Parsee family in Lahore and how the partition affects her life.
Pinjar (2003): Directed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi, this film is based on the novel by Amrita Pritam and depicts the plight of a young woman who is abducted during the partition and her struggles to return to her family.
Hey Ram (2000): Directed by Kamal Haasan, this film explores the violent events leading up to the partition, including the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi.
Tamas (1987): Directed by Govind Nihalani, this television miniseries is based on the novel by Bhisham Sahni and portrays the horrors of the partition and its impact on the people of India and Pakistan.
Border (1997): Directed by J.P. Dutta, this Bollywood film is a fictional account of the Battle of Longewala during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which led to the creation of Bangladesh.
Khamosh Pani (2003): Directed by Sabiha Sumar, this Pakistani film explores the impact of the partition on a Punjabi woman who is forced to confront her past.
Amu (2005): Directed by Shonali Bose, this film follows an Indian-American woman who travels to Delhi to uncover her family's past and learns about the events of the partition.
Partition (2007): Directed by Vic Sarin, this film is a Canadian production that explores the impact of the partition on a Sikh family in Punjab.
Social Drama
The emergence, rise, and evolution of the social drama in Hindi cinema is a fascinating story that spans over several decades. Here is a brief overview of how this genre developed and evolved in Hindi cinema:
Emergence: The social drama genre emerged in the 1940s, during the period of Indian independence and partition. Filmmakers began to use cinema as a medium to address social issues and highlight the struggles of the common people. Films like 'Achhut Kanya' (1936) and 'Jagriti' (1954) explored issues like caste discrimination and the need for education.
Rise: The 1950s and 1960s were the golden era of the social drama in Hindi cinema. Filmmakers like Bimal Roy, Raj Kapoor, and Guru Dutt made films that tackled a range of social issues, including poverty, corruption, and inequality. Films like 'Do Bigha Zamin' (1953), 'Shree 420' (1955), and 'Pyasa' (1957) became classics and are still regarded as some of the best examples of the genre.
Evolution: In the 1970s and 1980s, the social drama genre evolved to reflect the changing social and political landscape of India. Filmmakers like Hrishikesh Mukherjee and Basu Chatterjee made films that focused on the middle-class and their struggles. These films were characterized by their realistic portrayal of everyday life and the use of humor to address serious issues. Films like 'Gol Maal' (1979) and 'Chhoti Si Baat' (1975) became hugely popular and are still regarded as classics of the genre.
Contemporary times: In recent years, the social drama genre in Hindi cinema has continued to evolve and adapt to changing times. Filmmakers like Anurag Kashyap, Zoya Akhtar, and Nagraj Manjule have made films that address contemporary social issues like gender discrimination, casteism, and political corruption. Films like 'Masaan' (2015), 'Gully Boy' (2019), and 'Sairat' (2016) have been widely acclaimed and have brought the social drama genre to a new generation of audiences.
Overall, the social drama genre has played an important role in the evolution of Hindi cinema and has given a voice to the marginalized and oppressed sections of society. Through its powerful storytelling and depiction of social issues, it has helped to raise awareness and bring about social change in India.
Angry young man
The "angry young man" is a term that was coined to describe a particular type of character that emerged in Indian cinema in the 1970s. This character was typically played by actor Amitabh Bachchan and was known for his rebellious attitude, his anger at the injustices of society, and his willingness to take on corrupt and oppressive systems. Here is a brief history of the angry young man in Indian cinema:
Emergence: The angry young man character first emerged in the early 1970s, during a period of political and social upheaval in India. The films of this era reflected the frustrations and anger of the youth, who were disillusioned with the corruption and inequality of the system. Films like 'Zanjeer' (1973) and 'Deewaar' (1975) introduced Amitabh Bachchan as a new kind of hero, one who was angry and rebellious and who fought against injustice and oppression.
Before Amitabh Bachchan, there were a few other actors who played similar roles in Indian cinema, which could be considered as the precursors to the "angry young man" character.
One such actor was Dilip Kumar, who was known for his intense performances and for playing characters who were rebellious and anti-establishment. Films like 'Ganga Jamuna' (1961) and 'Naya Daur' (1957) saw Kumar playing characters who fought against social injustice and oppression. His performances were characterized by his raw emotions and his ability to convey a sense of anger and frustration on screen.
Another actor who played similar roles was Rajendra Kumar. Films like 'Dhool Ka Phool' (1959) and 'Mere Mehboob' (1963) saw Kumar playing characters who were struggling against the social norms and fighting against the system. These films were also notable for their focus on social issues and their portrayal of the common man as a hero.
However, it was Amitabh Bachchan who truly popularized the "angry young man" character and made it his own. His performances were marked by his intensity, his brooding charisma, and his ability to convey a sense of anger and defiance on screen. He became the ultimate icon of the genre, and his legacy continues to inspire actors and filmmakers in India today.
Rise: The 1970s and early 1980s were the peak of the angry young man era in Indian cinema. Bachchan's portrayal of this character in films like 'Sholay' (1975), 'Trishul' (1978), and 'Kaala Patthar' (1979) captured the imagination of audiences and made him a superstar. These films were characterized by their gritty realism, their focus on social issues, and their portrayal of the common man as a hero.
Evolution: In the mid-1980s, the angry young man character began to evolve and take on new dimensions. Films like 'Shahenshah' (1988) and 'Agneepath' (1990) saw Bachchan playing characters who were more mature and introspective, but who still retained their anger and sense of justice. These films were also notable for their larger-than-life action sequences and their use of stylized violence.
Legacy: The legacy of the angry young man in Indian cinema is still felt today. Bachchan's portrayal of this character helped to redefine the role of the hero in Indian cinema and inspired a new generation of actors and filmmakers. The themes and issues that were explored in these films continue to be relevant today, and the legacy of the angry young man character lives on in the films of contemporary Indian cinema.
Cabaret
The cabaret is a form of entertainment that originated in France in the late 19th century. It became popular in Europe during the early 20th century and later spread to other parts of the world, including India. In India, the cabaret was introduced to the film industry in the 1960s and became a popular feature in Hindi cinema during the 1970s and 1980s.
Here is a brief history of how cabaret rose in Indian cinema:
Introduction: Cabaret was first introduced to Indian cinema in the 1960s, with films like 'Howrah Bridge' (1958) and 'Chaudhvin Ka Chand' (1960). These films featured cabaret sequences, which were characterized by their music, dance, and glamorous costumes.
Popularity: The popularity of cabaret in Indian cinema really took off in the 1970s and 1980s. During this period, films like 'Hare Rama Hare Krishna' (1971), 'Amar Akbar Anthony' (1977), and 'Qurbani' (1980) featured iconic cabaret performances by actresses like Helen, who became known as the "queen of cabaret" in Hindi cinema. These films were notable for their catchy music, bold choreography, and elaborate costumes.
Controversies: The rise of cabaret in Indian cinema was not without its controversies. Many conservative sections of Indian society objected to the sexually suggestive nature of cabaret performances and criticized them as being vulgar and immoral. Some state governments even banned cabaret performances in films, leading to legal battles and debates over censorship.
Decline: The popularity of cabaret in Indian cinema began to decline in the 1990s, as tastes in music and dance evolved and new forms of entertainment emerged. However, cabaret remains an important part of the history of Indian cinema and continues to be celebrated by fans and filmmakers alike. Some contemporary films still feature cabaret sequences, albeit in a more modern and toned-down form.
Hollywood
Hollywood has had a significant influence on Bollywood over the decades. Here are some ways in which this influence has manifested:
Technical advancements: Hollywood has been at the forefront of technological advancements in filmmaking, and Bollywood has often followed suit. For example, the introduction of sync sound in Hollywood in the 1930s led to Bollywood filmmakers adopting the technique in the 1950s. Similarly, the use of special effects, digital technology, and advanced cinematography techniques in Hollywood has influenced Bollywood filmmakers to incorporate these techniques in their films.
Genre and storytelling: Hollywood has also influenced Bollywood in terms of the types of stories and genres that are popular. For example, the western genre was very popular in Hollywood in the 1950s, and this led to Bollywood filmmakers making films that were influenced by westerns. Similarly, the rise of the superhero film in Hollywood has led to Bollywood filmmakers exploring the superhero genre in recent years.
Marketing and distribution: Hollywood has also influenced Bollywood in terms of marketing and distribution. Hollywood has been successful in marketing its films globally and has developed sophisticated distribution networks around the world. Bollywood has followed suit, with Indian films now being marketed and distributed internationally to a much greater extent than before.
Aesthetic and stylistic influences: Hollywood has also had an impact on the aesthetic and stylistic aspects of Bollywood films. For example, the use of choreographed dance sequences in Bollywood films is often attributed to Hollywood musicals. Similarly, the influence of Hollywood action films has led to the inclusion of more elaborate action sequences in Bollywood films.
Overall, Hollywood has played an important role in shaping the Indian film industry, and this influence is likely to continue in the future. However, Bollywood has also developed its own unique identity and style, and this is evident in the many successful films that have been made in India over the years.
Historical Epics
Historical epics have been an important part of Bollywood cinema since its early days. These films are often lavish, large-scale productions that explore themes of heroism, nationalism, and mythology. Here are some of the key features and trends of historical epics in Bollywood:
Themes: Historical epics in Bollywood often explore themes of heroism, patriotism, and mythology. These films often depict the struggles of heroes who fought against oppression or invaders, and they celebrate the triumph of good over evil.
Production values: Historical epics in Bollywood are known for their grand scale and lavish production values. These films often feature elaborate sets, intricate costumes, and large-scale battle sequences. They are typically expensive productions that require a significant investment of time, money, and resources.
Historical accuracy: While historical accuracy is not always a priority in Bollywood historical epics, many films attempt to depict real-life events and figures with some degree of accuracy. These films often rely on historical research and consulting with experts to create a sense of authenticity.
Stars: Bollywood historical epics often feature big-name stars in the lead roles. These stars are typically well-known actors who have a large fan following and are capable of attracting audiences to the theaters.
Box office success: Bollywood historical epics have been successful at the box office over the years. Some of the most successful historical epics in Bollywood history include 'Mughal-e-Azam' (1960), 'Jodhaa Akbar' (2008), and 'Bajirao Mastani' (2015).
In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in historical epics in Bollywood, with several high-profile films in development or production. These films are likely to continue to be an important part of the Bollywood landscape, as they offer a unique combination of spectacle, drama, and mythology that resonates with audiences.
Censorship
Censorship has had a significant influence on Bollywood over the years. Here are some ways in which censorship has impacted the Indian film industry:
Content restrictions: The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC), which is responsible for certifying films for public exhibition in India, has the power to censor or cut scenes that are deemed offensive or inappropriate. This has led to a number of films being heavily edited or even banned altogether. The censorship of films has often been criticized for being inconsistent and arbitrary.
Self-censorship: In addition to the CBFC, Bollywood filmmakers often practice self-censorship in order to avoid offending religious or political sentiments. This can lead to filmmakers avoiding certain topics or themes that may be considered controversial, or toning down certain scenes to avoid offending certain groups.
Impact on creativity: Censorship can also have an impact on creativity, as filmmakers may feel constrained in their ability to tell certain stories or explore certain themes. This can lead to a lack of innovation and originality in Bollywood films.
Economic impact: Censorship can also have an economic impact on the film industry. Films that are heavily censored or banned outright may not be able to recoup their production costs, and this can discourage filmmakers from taking risks or exploring controversial topics.
International perception: Censorship in Bollywood has also had an impact on the international perception of Indian films. Some films that are banned or heavily censored in India may be released without cuts in other countries, leading to criticism of India's censorship policies.
Overall, censorship has had a complex and often controversial impact on Bollywood. While some argue that censorship is necessary to maintain cultural values and prevent social unrest, others argue that it stifles creativity and limits artistic expression. The ongoing debate over censorship in India is likely to continue for the foreseeable future.
There have been many films in Bollywood that have faced the brunt of censorship over the years. Here are some specific examples:
Bandit Queen (1994): This film, directed by Shekhar Kapur, tells the story of Phoolan Devi, a real-life bandit who became a politician. The film was heavily censored for its graphic depictions of violence and sexual assault.
Fire (1996): Directed by Deepa Mehta, Fire is a love story between two women. The film faced protests and censorship for its depiction of homosexuality, which was considered taboo in India at the time.
Black Friday (2004): Directed by Anurag Kashyap, Black Friday is based on the 1993 Bombay bombings. The film was initially banned due to concerns that it would incite violence, but was eventually released after a long legal battle.
Water (2005): Another film by Deepa Mehta, Water tells the story of widows living in a temple in Varanasi. The film faced protests and censorship from right-wing groups, who objected to its portrayal of Hindu customs and practices.
Udta Punjab (2016): This film, which deals with drug abuse in Punjab, faced censorship and controversy due to its depiction of drug use and its criticism of the Punjab government's handling of the issue.
These are just a few examples of films that have faced censorship in Bollywood. Many other films have been censored or banned for various reasons over the years, and the debate over censorship in Indian cinema is ongoing.
Masala
The masala film is a genre of Bollywood cinema that emerged in the 1970s and became popular in the 1980s and 1990s. The term "masala" refers to a mixture of spices, and the masala film is characterized by its mix of genres, including action, romance, comedy, and drama. Here is a brief overview of the emergence and evolution of the masala film:
Emergence: The masala film emerged in the 1970s as a response to the declining popularity of traditional Bollywood genres such as the social drama and historical epic. Masala films were designed to appeal to a mass audience and were characterized by their blend of genres and their focus on entertainment over realism.
Key elements: The key elements of the masala film include a larger-than-life hero, a strong female lead, a villainous antagonist, high-octane action sequences, catchy music and dance numbers, and a story that combines elements of romance, comedy, and drama.
Evolution: Over the years, the masala film has evolved and adapted to changing audience tastes and societal norms. In the 1980s, the masala film became more violent and emphasized action sequences, while in the 1990s, it became more family-oriented and focused on relationships and emotions.
Contemporary masala films: Today, the masala film remains a popular genre in Bollywood, with contemporary examples including films like Dabangg, Singham, and Chennai Express. These films continue to blend genres and offer audiences a mix of action, romance, comedy, and drama, while also reflecting contemporary social issues and cultural values.
In summary, the masala film emerged in the 1970s as a response to the declining popularity of traditional Bollywood genres and has since evolved and adapted to changing audience tastes and societal norms. The masala film remains a popular genre in Bollywood today, offering audiences a mix of genres and entertainment while also reflecting contemporary social issues and cultural values.
Formula
The formula film is a type of Bollywood cinema that is designed to follow a set formula or template in order to appeal to a mass audience. The formula typically includes elements such as a hero who is larger-than-life, a love story with a happy ending, catchy music and dance numbers, and stylized action sequences. Here is a brief overview of the emergence and evolution of the formula film:
Emergence: The formula film emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as a response to the changing tastes of audiences and the increasing commercialization of Bollywood cinema. Filmmakers realized that by following a set formula, they could increase the chances of their films being successful at the box office.
Key elements: The key elements of the formula film include a focus on entertainment over realism, a predictable storyline, stylized action sequences, melodramatic acting, and catchy music and dance numbers.
Evolution: Over the years, the formula film has evolved and adapted to changing audience tastes and societal norms. In the 1980s and 1990s, the formula film became more violent and focused on action sequences, while in the 2000s and 2010s, it became more family-oriented and focused on relationships and emotions.
Contemporary formula films: Today, the formula film remains a popular genre in Bollywood, with contemporary examples including films like Baaghi, Student of the Year, and Dilwale. These films continue to follow a set formula, offering audiences a mix of entertainment and a predictable storyline.
Critics of the formula film argue that it can lead to a lack of originality and creativity in Bollywood cinema, and can perpetuate stereotypes and tropes that may not reflect contemporary Indian society. However, proponents of the formula film argue that it offers audiences a form of escapism and entertainment that is accessible to a wide range of viewers.
Formulas
There are several different formulas that have been used in Bollywood cinema over the years. Here are a few of the most common ones:
Masala Formula: This formula is characterized by a mix of genres, including action, romance, comedy, and drama. The key elements of the masala formula include a larger-than-life hero, a strong female lead, a villainous antagonist, high-octane action sequences, catchy music and dance numbers, and a story that combines elements of romance, comedy, and drama.
Love Story Formula: This formula focuses on a romantic storyline between two main characters, often from different backgrounds or social classes. The love story formula typically includes elements such as catchy love songs, dramatic obstacles that the couple must overcome, and a happy ending.
Revenge Formula: This formula centers around a protagonist seeking revenge against an antagonist who has wronged them or their family. The revenge formula typically includes elements such as action sequences, stylized violence, and a climax where the protagonist finally gets their revenge.
Family Drama Formula: This formula focuses on family relationships and the challenges and conflicts that arise within them. The family drama formula often includes elements such as emotional performances, dramatic plot twists, and a resolution that emphasizes the importance of family bonds.
Patriotic Formula: This formula emphasizes themes of patriotism and national pride, often featuring a protagonist who is willing to sacrifice everything for their country. The patriotic formula typically includes elements such as stirring speeches, action sequences featuring the Indian flag, and a climax where the protagonist saves the day and defends their country.
These formulas are not mutually exclusive, and many Bollywood films incorporate elements from multiple formulas in order to appeal to a wide range of audiences. Additionally, filmmakers may put their own spin on these formulas or create entirely new formulas in order to keep their films fresh and original.
Masala formula
Masala films and formula films are two popular types of Bollywood cinema that share some similarities, but also have distinct differences.
Similarities:
Both masala and formula films are designed to appeal to a mass audience, with a focus on entertainment value over realism.
Both types of films often feature larger-than-life heroes who are able to overcome seemingly insurmountable challenges.
Both types of films incorporate music and dance numbers as a key element of the storytelling.
Differences:
Masala films typically blend multiple genres, including action, romance, comedy, and drama, whereas formula films tend to focus on a single genre or storyline.
Masala films often feature a diverse range of characters and storylines, while formula films tend to follow a predictable narrative structure.
Masala films are known for their use of color, music, and spectacle, while formula films often prioritize action and drama over visual elements.
Masala films are often associated with the 1970s and 1980s, while formula films have evolved and adapted to changing audience tastes over the years.
Ultimately, both masala and formula films are designed to appeal to a mass audience, offering a mix of entertainment and escapism. While they may differ in their approach and style, both types of films have played an important role in shaping Bollywood cinema and entertaining audiences around the world.
Lost and found formula
The 'lost and found' formula is a popular narrative trope that was used in several Bollywood films in the 1970s and 1980s. The formula typically revolves around a protagonist who is separated from their family at a young age due to a tragic event, such as a kidnapping or natural disaster. The protagonist grows up without knowledge of their true identity and eventually discovers their lost family through a series of coincidences or twists of fate.
The 'lost and found' formula often features a number of common elements, including a larger-than-life hero who is able to overcome impossible odds, a romantic subplot, a villainous antagonist who is often revealed to be connected to the protagonist's family, and a climactic reunion scene where the protagonist is finally reunited with their family.
This formula was popularized by films such as "Zanjeer" (1973), "Deewar" (1975), and "Sholay" (1975), which helped to establish Amitabh Bachchan as a leading Bollywood star. The 'lost and found' formula was also used in many other films throughout the 1980s, but eventually fell out of favor as audiences began to demand more realistic and socially relevant stories in their cinema.
Despite its declining popularity, the 'lost and found' formula continues to be fondly remembered by many Bollywood fans as a classic narrative trope that helped to define the golden age of Hindi cinema.
While the 'lost and found' formula was most popular during the 1970s and 1980s in Bollywood cinema, there have been some recent examples of the formula being used in newer films. Here are a few examples:
- "Bajrangi Bhaijaan" (2015): This film stars Salman Khan as a man who finds a lost Pakistani girl and attempts to reunite her with her family in Pakistan. Along the way, he discovers his own lost family and reunites with them as well.
- "Baaghi" (2016): This film stars Tiger Shroff as a young man who is sent to a martial arts school after being separated from his father at a young age. When he learns that his father is in danger, he sets out to find him and reunite with him.
- "Tubelight" (2017): This film stars Salman Khan as a man with a learning disability who is separated from his brother during the India-China war. He sets out to find his brother and is eventually reunited with him.
- "Sui Dhaaga" (2018): This film stars Varun Dhawan and Anushka Sharma as a couple who start their own tailoring business. The film explores their struggles and challenges as they work towards building their business, but also includes a subplot where Varun Dhawan's character discovers his lost family.
While the 'lost and found' formula may not be as prevalent in Bollywood films as it was in the past, it is still occasionally used in newer films as a way to explore themes of family, identity, and personal growth.
Multi-starrer
Multi-starrer films refer to Bollywood movies that feature several leading actors in significant roles. These films became increasingly popular in the 1970s and 1980s and have continued to be a significant part of Bollywood cinema.
The emergence of multi-starrer films in Bollywood can be attributed to a few different factors. Firstly, the film industry was expanding during the 1970s, and producers were looking for ways to make bigger, more ambitious films that would appeal to wider audiences. Secondly, many of the top actors of the time were looking for opportunities to work with each other, as they believed that this would help to increase their star power and box office appeal. Finally, multi-starrer films were seen as a way to balance out the risks of investing in a single star-driven film, by spreading the burden of success or failure across multiple actors.
The rise of multi-starrer films in the 1970s was marked by movies such as "Sholay" (1975) and "Amar Akbar Anthony" (1977), which featured an ensemble cast of popular actors. These films were hugely successful and established the trend of multi-starrer films as a reliable way to draw in large audiences.
During the 1980s, multi-starrer films continued to evolve, with producers experimenting with different combinations of actors and genres. For example, "Kabhi Kabhie" (1976) featured a mix of established and upcoming stars in a romantic drama, while "Mr. India" (1987) brought together Anil Kapoor and Sridevi in a sci-fi/action film.
In the 1990s and 2000s, multi-starrer films continued to be a significant part of Bollywood cinema, with movies such as "Dil Chahta Hai" (2001) and "Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham" (2001) featuring popular actors in ensemble casts. However, the trend of multi-starrer films did start to decline somewhat in the 2010s, as producers began to focus more on smaller, character-driven films with a stronger emphasis on storytelling.
In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in multi-starrer films, with movies such as "Kalank" (2019) and "Mission Mangal" (2019) featuring an ensemble cast of popular actors. These films have been successful in part because they offer audiences the chance to see their favorite actors working together, while also providing an immersive, larger-than-life cinematic experience.
Here is a list of some popular multi-starrer films in Bollywood:
- Sholay (1975)
- Amar Akbar Anthony (1977)
- Kabhi Kabhie (1976)
- Shaan (1980)
- Namak Halaal (1982)
- Andha Kanoon (1983)
- Karma (1986)
- Mr. India (1987)
- Hum (1991)
- Dil Chahta Hai (2001)
- Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham (2001)
- Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003)
- Bunty Aur Babli (2005)
- Om Shanti Om (2007)
- Race (2008)
- Housefull (2010)
- Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2011)
- Agneepath (2012)
- Happy New Year (2014)
- Dil Dhadakne Do (2015)
- Ae Dil Hai Mushkil (2016)
- Kalank (2019)
- Mission Mangal (2019)
This is just a small selection of the many multi-starrer films that have been made in Bollywood over the years, and there are many other films that could be added to this list.
Dacoits
Dacoit films are a popular genre in Bollywood that deal with the theme of banditry and dacoity, typically set in rural areas. The emergence of dacoit films in Bollywood can be traced back to the 1950s and 60s, when films such as Mother India (1957) and Gunga Jumna (1961) became popular.
These early dacoit films often focused on the struggle between the dacoits and the authorities, and were set against a backdrop of poverty, oppression, and social injustice. They often featured strong and charismatic male leads, who were portrayed as Robin Hood-like figures, fighting against a corrupt system and standing up for the common people.
In the 1970s and 80s, the dacoit film evolved and became more gritty and realistic, with films such as Mera Gaon Mera Desh (1971), Sholay (1975), and Bandit Queen (1994) becoming hugely popular. These films portrayed the dacoits as more complex and nuanced characters, often exploring their motivations and backstories, and highlighting the social and economic factors that led them to take up a life of crime.
In the 1990s and 2000s, dacoit films became less common, but the genre has seen a resurgence in recent years, with films such as Sonchiriya (2019) and Laal Kaptaan (2019) exploring the theme of dacoity in new and innovative ways.
Overall, the emergence and evolution of dacoit films in Bollywood has been influenced by a number of factors, including social and political conditions, changing audience tastes, and the rise of new technologies and filmmaking techniques. While the genre has undergone significant changes over the years, it continues to be a popular and enduring part of Bollywood cinema.
Disco
Disco films emerged in Bollywood during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and were heavily influenced by the disco music craze that was sweeping the world at the time. These films typically featured flashy dance sequences, vibrant costumes, and disco-inspired music, and were designed to appeal to young audiences who were looking for a fun and exciting movie experience.
The emergence of disco films was closely linked to the rise of disco music in India, which was popularized by the success of the Hollywood film Saturday Night Fever (1977) and the global disco phenomenon that it spawned. The first major Bollywood film to incorporate disco music and dance sequences was Hum Kisise Kum Naheen (1977), which featured the hit song "Bachna Ae Haseeno."
Disco films reached the peak of their popularity in the early 1980s, with films such as Disco Dancer (1982), Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki (1984), and Dance Dance (1987) becoming huge box office hits. These films not only introduced audiences to new styles of music and dance, but also helped to launch the careers of some of Bollywood's biggest stars, such as Mithun Chakraborty and Govinda.
However, the disco film craze was short-lived, and by the mid-1980s, audiences had grown tired of the formulaic plots and repetitive dance sequences that had become synonymous with the genre. As a result, disco films gradually fell out of favour, and were replaced by new genres such as action and romantic comedies.
Despite their relatively brief time in the spotlight, disco films continue to have a lasting legacy in Bollywood. Many of the hit songs and dance sequences from these films are still popular today, and have become an important part of the cultural fabric of Indian society. Additionally, the disco film era helped to establish Bollywood as a major player in the global film industry, and paved the way for the diverse range of films and genres that continue to be produced in India today.
B-Grade
B-grade films, also known as exploitation films, emerged in India during the 1960s and 1970s as a low-budget alternative to mainstream Bollywood cinema. These films typically featured elements such as violence, sex, and sensationalism, and were targeted at a more niche audience that was interested in unconventional and taboo subject matter.
In the early days, B-grade films were made primarily for rural and small-town audiences who did not have access to mainstream cinema halls. These films were often shown in makeshift theaters or open-air screenings, and were characterized by their low production values and crude storytelling techniques.
As time went on, however, B-grade films began to gain a wider audience and a certain level of mainstream acceptance. This was due in part to the influence of Western cinema, which had a significant impact on the Indian film industry during the 1970s and 1980s. Many B-grade filmmakers began to incorporate elements of Hollywood-style action, horror, and eroticism into their films, in an effort to appeal to a more diverse audience.
By the 1990s, B-grade films had become a major part of the Indian film industry, with many filmmakers and actors making a name for themselves in the genre. While these films were often criticized for their explicit content and sensationalism, they also played an important role in pushing the boundaries of Indian cinema and exploring taboo subject matter that was often ignored by mainstream filmmakers.
Today, B-grade films continue to be produced in India, although they have largely been overshadowed by the mainstream Bollywood industry. However, the impact of these films on Indian cinema and audiences cannot be ignored, as they helped to pave the way for a more diverse and eclectic range of films and genres that continue to be produced in India today. Additionally, the popularity of B-grade films has led to the emergence of alternative cinema movements in India, which seek to explore unconventional subject matter and challenge traditional cinematic norms.
Women Centric
The evolution of women-centric films in Bollywood has been a slow and gradual process. In the early days of Indian cinema, women were largely relegated to supporting roles or as love interests of male protagonists. It was not until the 1970s and 1980s that women began to take on more prominent roles in Bollywood films.
One of the first films to feature a strong female protagonist was the 1975 film "Sholay", which featured Hema Malini in the role of Basanti, a feisty and independent woman who helps the male protagonists in their quest to defeat the villain. This film was a landmark in the evolution of women-centric films in Bollywood, as it showed that women could be just as strong and capable as men.
In the 1980s and 1990s, actresses such as Sridevi and Madhuri Dixit emerged as major stars in their own right, and began to take on more prominent roles in films. Films such as "ChaalBaaz" and "Mrityudand" featured strong female characters who were the central focus of the film, and showcased the talents of these actresses.
The 2000s saw a further shift towards women-centric films, with films such as "Chak De! India" and "Fashion" featuring female protagonists who were complex, multi-dimensional characters with their own goals and aspirations. These films were successful both critically and commercially, and helped to pave the way for a new generation of women-centric films in Bollywood.
In recent years, there has been a surge of women-centric films in Bollywood, with actresses such as Kangana Ranaut, Vidya Balan, and Deepika Padukone leading the charge. Films such as "Queen", "Kahaani", and "Padmaavat" have all been hugely successful both critically and commercially, and have shown that women-centric films can be just as powerful and compelling as films with male protagonists.
Overall, the evolution of women-centric films in Bollywood has been a slow and gradual process, but one that has seen significant progress in recent years. These films have helped to break down gender stereotypes and showcase the talent and capabilities of women in Indian cinema.
Some of the earliest women-centric films in Bollywood include:
- "Sita Devi" (1932) - A silent film directed by R.S. Choudhury, this film starred Durga Khote in the titular role and was based on the Ramayana.
- "Achhut Kanya" (1936) - Directed by Franz Osten, this film starred Devika Rani as an untouchable woman who falls in love with a Brahmin man.
- "Bandini" (1963) - Directed by Bimal Roy, this film starred Nutan in the lead role and told the story of a woman serving a life sentence for murder.
- "Aradhana" (1969) - Directed by Shakti Samanta, this film starred Sharmila Tagore in a double role as a mother and daughter, and featured her as the central character.
- "Chandni Bar" (2001) - Directed by Madhur Bhandarkar, this film starred Tabu as a woman who becomes a bar dancer to support her family.
These films were all ahead of their time in terms of their portrayal of women and their stories, and helped to pave the way for more women-centric films in Bollywood.
Controversies
Here is a list of ten early controversial films in Bollywood and a brief description of the controversies surrounding them:
"Aurat" (1940) - Directed by Mehboob Khan, this film was criticized for its portrayal of a strong-willed woman who defies social norms and challenges male authority.
"Neecha Nagar" (1946) - Directed by Chetan Anand, this film was criticized by the British government for its depiction of the plight of Indian peasants and workers, and was subsequently banned in India.
"Awaara" (1951) - Directed by Raj Kapoor, this film was criticized for its portrayal of a "fallen woman" and its depiction of poverty and social inequality.
"Do Bigha Zamin" (1953) - Directed by Bimal Roy, this film was criticized for its portrayal of rural poverty and exploitation, and was initially denied a censor certificate.
"Devdas" (1955) - Directed by Bimal Roy, this film was criticized for its depiction of alcoholism and its portrayal of a tragic romance.
"Pyaasa" (1957) - Directed by Guru Dutt, this film was criticized for its portrayal of a disillusioned poet and its critique of capitalist values.
"Sujata" (1959) - Directed by Bimal Roy, this film was criticized for its portrayal of a Dalit woman and its challenge to caste-based discrimination.
"Bandit Queen" (1994) - Directed by Shekhar Kapur, this film was criticized for its graphic depiction of violence and sexual assault, and for its controversial portrayal of the real-life bandit Phoolan Devi.
"Fire" (1996) - Directed by Deepa Mehta, this film was criticized for its portrayal of a lesbian relationship and its challenge to traditional gender roles.
"Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love" (1996) - Directed by Mira Nair, this film was criticized for its explicit sexual content and its perceived exploitation of Indian culture and history.
It is important to note that some of these films were controversial due to their portrayal of sensitive or taboo subjects, while others were criticized for their political or social commentary. These controversies sparked debates about artistic freedom, censorship, and the role of cinema in society.
Politics
There have been many politically controversial films in Bollywood over the years. Here are some examples:
"Garam Hawa" (1973) - Directed by MS Sathyu, this film was controversial for its depiction of the aftermath of the partition of India and its criticism of the government's handling of the situation.
"Kissa Kursi Ka" (1977) - Directed by Amrit Nahata, this film was controversial for its political satire targeting then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and her government.
"Aandhi" (1975) - Directed by Gulzar, this film was controversial for its similarities to the life of then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, leading to speculation that it was a political commentary on her rule.
"Maachis" (1996) - Directed by Gulzar, this film was controversial for its depiction of the insurgency in Punjab and its criticism of the government's handling of the situation.
"Black Friday" (2004) - Directed by Anurag Kashyap, this film was controversial for its depiction of the 1993 Bombay bombings and its criticism of the government's handling of the situation.
"Tamas" (1988) - Directed by Govind Nihalani, this film was controversial for its depiction of the partition of India and its portrayal of the role of different religious communities in the events leading up to it.
"Firaaq" (2008) - Directed by Nandita Das, this film was controversial for its depiction of the aftermath of the 2002 Gujarat riots and its criticism of the government's handling of the situation.
These films sparked debates about artistic freedom, political censorship, and the role of cinema in society. Some of them were banned or faced other forms of censorship, while others were celebrated for their political commentary and social relevance.
Sci Fi
Science fiction is a relatively less explored genre in Bollywood, and there were only a few early science fiction films made in Hindi cinema. Some of the earliest science fiction films in Bollywood include:
- "Kalayug Aur Ramayan" (1958) - Directed by Babubhai Mistry, this film is a retelling of the Hindu epic Ramayana in a science-fiction setting.
- "Miss India" (1957) - Directed by KS Gopalakrishnan, this film tells the story of a scientist who invents a machine that can make a person invisible.
- "Chaar Dil Chaar Rahen" (1959) - Directed by KH Kapadia, this film tells the story of four astronauts who go on a mission to Mars.
- "Wahan Ke Log" (1967) - Directed by Prakash Mehra, this film tells the story of a group of scientists who discover a hidden city in the Himalayas.
- "Aakash Deep" (1965) - Directed by Phani Majumdar, this film is about a group of scientists who go to a remote island to conduct an experiment on human emotions.
- "Mr. X in Bombay" (1964) - Directed by Shantilal Soni, this film tells the story of a scientist who invents a formula that makes him invisible.
- "Trip to Moon" (1967) - Directed by Shanti S. Varma, this film is a loose adaptation of the Jules Verne novel "From the Earth to the Moon".
- "Rocket Tarzan" (1963) - Directed by Homi Wadia, this film is about a scientist who invents a rocket-powered suit that gives the wearer superhuman strength.
- "Captain India" (1960) - Directed by KS Gopalakrishnan, this film is about a scientist who invents a machine that can control the weather.
- "Mr. X" (1957) - Directed by Nanabhai Bhatt, this film is about a man who gains invisibility and uses it to fight crime.
- "Rajnigandha" (1964) - Directed by Ram Dayal, this film is about a scientist who invents a machine that can project people's dreams onto a screen.
- "Chand Par Chadayee" (1967) - Directed by TP Sundaram, this film is about a group of astronauts who travel to the moon and encounter hostile aliens.
- "Saat Hindustani" (1969) - Directed by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, this film is about a group of people who come together to fight for Indian independence, and includes a dream sequence about India's future space program.
- "Jadoo" (1951) - Directed by Abdul Rashid Kardar, this film is about a boy who befriends an alien who crash-lands on Earth.
- "Uran Khatola" (1955) - Directed by S.U. Sunny, this film is about a pilot who builds a flying boat and travels to a mysterious island.
- "Miss Coca Cola" (1955) - Directed by Radhu Karmakar, this film is about a scientist who invents a potion that makes people irresistible to others.
- "Kalpna" (1960) - Directed by D.D. Kashyap, this film is about a scientist who creates a machine that can control people's thoughts.
- "Chhota Aadmi" (1961) - Directed by S. Ramanathan, this film is about a man who is shrunk down to a tiny size and must navigate a dangerous world.
- "Krishna Cottage" (2004) - Directed by Santram Varma, this horror film includes a subplot about a scientist who experiments with human cloning.
- "Chand Par Chadayee" (1967) - Directed by T.P. Sundaram, this film is about a group of astronauts who travel to the moon and encounter hostile aliens.
- "Mahasati Ansuya" (1943) - Directed by Mohan Dayaram Bhavnani, this film is about a woman who gains divine powers and uses them to help people.
- "Naya Din Nai Raat" (1974) - Directed by A. Bhimsingh, this film is about a man who clones himself in order to accomplish more tasks.
- "Robot" (2010) - Directed by Shankar, this film is about a scientist who creates a humanoid robot that becomes sentient and develops emotions.
- "Tahkhana" (1986) - Directed by Shyam Ramsay and Tulsi Ramsay, this horror film features zombies and a mad scientist who creates them.
- "Ajooba Kudrat Ka" (1991) - Directed by Shyam Ramsay and Tulsi Ramsay, this film is about a man who gains superpowers after being bitten by a snake.
- "Grahasti" (1963) - Directed by Kishore Sahu, this film is about a man who invents a time machine and travels back in time to change the course of history.
- "Koi... Mil Gaya" (2003) - Directed by Rakesh Roshan, this film is about a mentally disabled young man who befriends an alien and gains superhuman abilities.
- "Shree 420" (1955) - Directed by Raj Kapoor, this film is about a man who creates a machine that can turn garbage into gold.
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